USE ARISTOTLE RHETORIC TO IMPROVE YOUR CONVINCING POWER

Rhetoric is the art of speaking or writing effectively. This article tries to answer the question - how you can use Aristotle’s technique to better your persuasive power?

What is it?

Aristotle believed that rhetoric must be employed in persuasion, as it made the rhetorician see clearly what facts are, and that, if another person argued unfairly, the rhetorician may be able to refute the wrong facts. In his text; which was never meant for publication, he argued: what a successful rhetoric entails? For what purpose rhetoric should be used? And, what an effective rhetorician does?

Where it originated?

Rhetoric is generally thought to have originated in Greece at the beginning of the fifth century B.C. Its first use appeared to have been in the law courts. Isocrates, 436-338 B.C., was the first to develop a systemic theory of rhetoric. The Sophists such as Protagoras, 486 B.C, and Gorgias, 483-374 B.C, took up rhetoric and charged fee for preparing speeches for others and for teaching others to argue either side of the case. It was against the Sophists that Socrates argued and against them that Plato established the distinction between opinion; doxa and knowledge; episteme. And it was Plato’s; Aristotle was his student, negative view of public speaking in Athenian life that Aristotle disagreed against.

What did Aristotle believe?

Aristotle was born in Stagira, in the Chalcidice, 384-322 B.C. He was son of a physician in the service of the Macedonian court. He saw rhetoric as a neutral tool with which one can accomplish, either noble or deceitful ends, because he believed that – truth is inherently more acceptable than false, nevertheless, dishonest persuaders may fool an audience unless an ethical speaker uses all possible means of persuasion to counter the error, and speaker have only themselves to blame for failure. As for Aristotle, rhetoric was the discovery in each case of the available means of persuasion.

Aristotle speech on civic affairs

Aristotle in terms of speech situation focused on: civic affairs pertaining forensic speaking which considers guilt or innocence, deliberative speaking which considers future policy, and epideictic speaking which considers praise and blame. Furthermore, he classified rhetoric as the counter part of dialectic, where the differentiated between the two in the following ways. Dialectic is one on one conversation, while rhetoric is one person addressing the many. Dialectic searches for truth, while rhetoric demonstrates existing truth. And, dialectic deals with certainty, while rhetoric considers probability.

Mode of persuasion

According to Aristotle, there are three kinds of the mode of persuasion governed by rhetoric–the character of speaker, the opinion of audience and the persuasive argument as proof. In character of speaker, authority is measure of other people’s confidence, and ways of establishing confidence is through use of medium, knowledge of subject and verification of source. In opinion of audience, all audience are in the position of judge, because it is the audience that determines the argument’s end. And finally, in persuasive argument as proof, persuasion is effected through the speech itself when the truth or the apparent truth is proved by means of persuasive argument suitable to the case in question.

Means of persuasion based on proofs

Aristotle believed that the available means of persuasion are based on three kinds of proofs – logos, pathos and ethos. Logos appeals to reason, the logical proof or appeals used to support a claim, induction and deduction, can also be the facts and statistics, used to help support the argument. Pathos appeals to the emotions. The emotional proof or motivation appeal are done through - vivid language, emotional language and numerous sensory details. Ethos appeals to the character. The speakers or writer’s credibility and authority are based on intelligence, character and goodwill. Considered together these appeals form what later rhetoricians have called the rhetorical triangle. Which suggests that logos, pathos and ethos should be balanced? However, which aspect of the rhetorical triangle the rhetorician favors depends on both the audience and the purpose of that speech or writing.

Rhetoric in present times

In contemporary times, the art of rhetoric appears in advertising, where it is not only concerned with the successful sale of commodities. It is also used in persuasion in relation to politics and ideology. And the information is dissipated from images to copy, footage to music. Aristotle’s rhetoric transcends both the medium and time.

ARTIST’S BRUSHSTROKES AND DETERIORATING VISION

Artist use their eye sight to survey a scene, scenery, faces etc, which guides them over the canvas and provide feedback on the colour and form of the work. Through this article Gaurav Goswami provides information about some of the famous artist who has been known to struggle with vision impairment.

Prime concern of an artist

Painter delivers the three dimensional world on a flat surface. In a way, in which artists depart from reality, by filtering it through their perception into a physical object capable of inducing a similar perception in the viewer. That is why a perfect vision is the basic necessity for an artist, failing which; can happen in old age or caused by an injury, can translate into an eerie loss of precision and detail in painting.

An aging artist’s vision

Studies have established that, the aging eye of an artist makes fewer tears, the cornea may lose clarity, the pupil stays smaller in both light and dark, the lens becomes – thicker, dense, more yellow and less elastic, and the retina loses a small percentage of its nerve cells every year. The artwork produce by such artist becomes complicated as the eye or brain forces them to see their surroundings in ways that diverge from standard experience.

Some famous artists with suspect vision

Many famous artists have been known to struggle with eye diseases that changed the vision of their works later in their lives.

Leonardo Da Vinci

Da Vinci is believed to have suffered from a type of eye disorder called intermittent exotropia; a condition which causes one or both eye to turn outward. Researchers have suggested that the disorder may have helped him because it would have given him the ability to switch to monocular vision, in which both eyes are used separately, and allowed him to focus on close up flat surfaces.

Claude Monet

Diagnosed with cataracts in 1912, Monet was recommended to undergo surgery. Cataracts are a progressive cloudiness of the lens inside the eye, producing blurred and dulled vision that can’t be corrected with spectacles. Claude Monet refused to undergo treatment and visual impact of his disorder is demonstrated in two paintings of the same scene: the Japanese footbridge over his garden’s lily pond. His first painting, painted ten years prior to his cataracts, is full of detail and subtle us of colour. The second painting, painted a year prior to his relenting to the surgery – shows musky and dark colour.

Francis Bacon

The works of 20th century British painter Francis Bacon are notorious for their power to unsettle. Neuroscientists have proposed that painter suffered from a rare neurological disorder called dysmorphopsia, which produces progressively changing and distorted perception. Bacon himself described his perception of faces as ever changing, with mouth and the head in constant motion.

Edger Degas

French artist Edgar Degas, 1834-1917, experienced progressive visual loss in the last 30 years of his life; this was concluded by Ophthalmologist Michael F Marmor in 2006, after he went through Degas correspondences. The disorder has not effect on Degas’s shading, colour and overall composition of the painting, but showed significant impact, as his paintings became coarse and lost refinement.

Distinguished mentions

Cezanne and Pissarro were myopic; which suggests the soft lines and vibrant colour found in their paintings. United States painters Mary Cassalt; 1844-1926 and Homer Martin; 1836-1897 suffered from cataracts. William Turner; 1775-1851 suffered from early, slight colour blindness and later cataracts. Rembrandt was speculated to have vision disorder.

A tricky path

A particular challenge to verify these speculations is that artists are free to represent the world in whatever fashion they see fit. But considering for one moment that these artists did actually suffer from these visual disorders then understanding the challenges they faced further illuminate the accomplishments they achieved.

TEACH YOUR CHILD TO DREAM

Every child is unique and born with special set of talents. This article talks, how parents can help their children to develop these special talents?

Status quo

Baby grows and learns new things. Parents become happy with their children actions. But after some time the magic is lost along the way. The responsibility fall on the parent to see that these natural talents which set the child apart are never lost. This is because for a child to grow into an adult and live abundantly, purposefully and enjoyably she/he needs to discover these hidden talents.

Important brief before the actual thing

It is common to recognize music, painting, sports, poetry etc as talents which parents can look for in their children. However, there are a few hidden talents which parents can easily overlook. They are: adapting to situations, using humour as coping mechanism, reasoning logically, collection and preserving things, setting long term and short term goals, showing compassion to less fortunate and having a problem solving aptitude.

Finding the solution

Coming to solution which talent the child should cultivate is never easy for a parent. To reach a decision the parents needs to follow signs. Observe what the child enjoys doing in free time. This will help the parent to identify the child’s natural interest. Teachers and coaches whom the child regularly interacts with are best suited to impart a general assessment about the child’s talents. Another option is to observe the types of activities that draw the child’s attention. For example, children with artistic bend enjoy creative activities like crafting, painting, designing etc. The kind of shows child likes to watch on television can also help the parent in spotting interest. Watch out for the kind of questions the child regularly asks. For example, if a child keeps looking through a telescope to observe stars at night, it shows fascination for the field of astronomy. Once the field is identified, then parents need to introduce their children to other children with similar interests. After this stage parents need to find a mentor, who will help the child in honing that talent. When parents praise a child’s natural talent, the child tends to become complacent, so parents need to remember ‘to praise the effort, and not the talent.’

Some clues

A few hints for parents to spot and the ways to hone the children special talents. If the child love to sort objects, like, pairs of socks, lines up toys or groups item by size, colour or shape. It may mean that the child is an analytical thinker. To hone that talent expose the child to games that involve patterns and matching. If the child talks nonstop, have an advanced vocabulary and make fewer grammatical errors. It is a good thing, because verbal proficiency can be an early sign of a gifted child. To enhance that talent, encourage the child by asking her/him to dictate stories. If the child has strong opinions, this may mean that the child is a natural born leader. The best thing for the parent is to let the child take lead in most situations. And, if somehow the child shows no sign of natural talent, then worry not, and stay open. The chances are child’s natural talent will become apparent sooner rather than later.

The downside

Parents always need to keep this is mind, that they are pushing their children to be better in an area where the children have skill and desire, and not because parents themselves want their own dreams to be fulfilled through the child.

To a new beginning

Teaching the child that talent is build, allows the child to look at failure in a completely new way. Parents need to remember, that prodigious talent isn’t passed down genetically, it is the consequence of: targeted practice, specific motivation and coaching.

TEACHINGS FROM JAMES BOND FOR THE MODERN MAN

Ever since the release of the first film; ‘Dr No,’ in 1962, each actor; from Sean Connery to Daniel Craig, who have essayed the role of the famous British sky, has given men a view at ‘how to live the high life.’ This article tries to usher the readers on the path of living life ‘James Bond style.’

Let’s be frank here

All the men out there admit it, haven’t there been moments where you have wished to live the James Bond lifestyle: the cars, the women, the adventures, and the spy gadgets. Ask yourself ‘isn’t it the case?’ I am sure you would get a ‘yes’ as answer. Now let’s talk to the women folks – haven’t there been moments where you thought ‘what it would be to have James Bond as a boyfriend?’ I know…I know, over the years James Bond hasn’t build a good track record with women, and has changed them quite frequently like he changes his cars. I must add here that Daniel Craig has mended that image somewhat. Still, I bet there have been incidents where you would have thought ‘how would it feel to be James Bond’s girlfriend?’ Instead of being the girlfriend of the boring man: your boyfriend, sitting across the table.

Behind the facade

It doesn’t matter whether you are a book nerd or a film buff, you are sure to be aware that Ian Fleming’s creation; possibly world’s most famous fictional character, is one cool dude - who can shoot and fly helicopters, bed women effortlessly and can choose the perfect wine, knows his way around fast cars and can handle complex computer systems, can handle high tech weapons and easily fight off multiple attackers barehanded, on top of that he can also survive being shot and many a gory tortures. Behind this glossy outer layer; that attracts millions and millions of adoring fans from all over the world, there are characters in this fictional individual that are worth studying and surly would not be wasted –‘ if you decide to inculcate them in your life: being a man and ‘you decide to motivate your man to learn: being a woman.’

Endurance

The primary skill that keeps James Bond going is endurance. Despite being wounded, outnumbered, outgunned and surrounded by enemies many a times he endures; sometimes he is also shown to be afraid. You can also improve your physical endurance by taking up a physical exercise or a physical sport. And, for mental endurance, put yourself in situations which help in developing your patience and jog your mental abilities by solving problems.

Confidence

James Bond is supremely confident, this quality make him great at his work: sometimes being overconfident offers better results than being objective and rational. This confidence would come to naught if he loses his cool; like in the case of James Bond when people are trying to kill him. He doesn’t move unnecessarily; never is seen fidgeting and rarely is rushed. So you should remember to have a commanding body language and not be afraid to take up space.

Never let an opportunity go

He wins most of his battles by seeing opportunities and then following them till they bring him success. Be it in your professional or personal life never let an opportunity go – next time you spot one simply go for it and see where it leads, and find out where you can go from there.

Always dress the part

Jog your mind and try to remember whether Bond has ever looked un-kept? No matter the situation he is always dressed smartly. Remember that, part of being a man means dressing well for every occasion: like in suits, hats, collared shirts, well fitted trouser and causal wears. So take note and spend a little time refining your wardrobe. And, don’t forget your timepiece: the most important accessory.

Be prepared with Plan B

Whenever Bond finds himself in a confrontation he always has a backup plan. This is a great character to have, so you must develop the ability to not only plan ahead, but also to be able to spot when a situation is not going to plan and make the right changes. This trait would help you in wasting less time and managing a situation smoothly.

With women

James Bond makes women drop to their knees simply because he is assertive - making her feel, that she is the only one in the world. Holding open a door and commenting on small details: are signs of good manners. Misinterpreting comments in a sexual way can be fun: remember ‘it is better to edge towards the naughty side.’ Surprise women and take risk, like hold your umbrella up over a woman, give a passing woman a flower, as these kind of random acts of kindness brighten everyone’s day and create magical moments. And, you should learn from Bond – always go for the ‘top of the line woman’ as they embody the essence of what a woman should be: smart, elegant, independent and obviously sexy.

Constantly reinvent yourself

Throughout the years James Bond has evolved: for instance many fans think of Roger Moore’s light hearted touch as the ultimate Bond, others prefer Sean Connery or the present James Bond Daniel Craig. So you must keep reinventing yourself according to your professional or personal needs – apply for that online course or take that gym membership. It is always helpful to remember that qualities like work/service provided, personal touch and quick response need to remain constant, while qualities that make you outdated or shows you as out of date needs to be upgraded constantly.

Travel far way places

For a few moments revisit; in your mind, all the exotic locations; you have seen in movies or read in novels, where Bond is seen. Obviously the locations are picture perfect, but take away the aspect of seismic beauty and concentrate on traveling. The truth is that ‘the more you travel, the more you learn about yourself and the world.’ So go out and travel, soon you would realize how insignificant you are in the grand scheme of things and this would also allow you to free yourself.

Know your enemy

Bond never enters a battle without knowing finer details of his enemy, and has answers to questions like: who he is? How he thinks? What he desire? Etc. For you, as well as Bond sometimes the enemies are quite obvious, but other times enemies hide their-selves. Your enemy could be a business rival, a coworker or a rival in love: who is seeking your failure. So it is better to learn your enemy’s strengths and weaknesses before they start to harm you or your interests.

Study James Bond

Re-watch the old Bond movies or read all the novels, and pay close attention to ‘how the writers portray Bond.’ This would explain and teach you, ‘how or why Bond carries himself’, ‘way that he talks and interacts’ with other characters of the story.’ Whenever you find yourself uncertain about any action that you have to take then a simple technique should come to your rescue – ask yourself would James Bond do it? If the answer is ‘no,’ then don’t take that step. In all this don’t forget your underline focus: that you have to ‘adapt Bond’s characters into your way,’ and not commit the mistake of converting yourself into a Bond caricature.